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Twelve Weeks of Daily Lentil Consumption Improves Fasting Cholesterol and Postprandial Glucose and Inflammatory Responses—A Randomized Clinical Trial
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Effect of 100% Orange Juice and a Volume-Matched Sugar-Sweetened Drink on Subjective Appetite, Food Intake, and Glycemic Response in Adults
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Cow’s Milk: A Benefit for Human Health? Omics Tools and Precision Nutrition for Lactose Intolerance Management
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Intermittent Fasting: Does It Affect Sports Performance? A Systematic Review
Journal Description
Nutrients
Nutrients
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of human nutrition published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Asia Pacific Nutrigenomics Nutrigenetics Organisation (APNNO), Italian Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP), Nutrition Society of New Zealand (NSNZ), Ocular Wellness & Nutrition Society (OWNS) and others are affiliated with Nutrients and their members receive a discount on article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Nutrition & Dietetics) / CiteScore - Q1 (Food Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journal: Dietetics
Impact Factor:
5.9 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
6.6 (2022)
Latest Articles
Exploring Functional Products and Early-Life Dynamics of Gut Microbiota
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1823; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121823 (registering DOI) - 10 Jun 2024
Abstract
Research on the microbiome has progressed from identifying specific microbial communities to exploring how these organisms produce and modify metabolites that impact a wide range of health conditions, including gastrointestinal, metabolic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides an overview of the bacteria
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Research on the microbiome has progressed from identifying specific microbial communities to exploring how these organisms produce and modify metabolites that impact a wide range of health conditions, including gastrointestinal, metabolic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides an overview of the bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tract, focusing on their main functional outputs. We explore biomarkers that not only indicate a well-balanced microbiota but also potential dysbiosis, which could foreshadow susceptibility to future health conditions. Additionally, it discusses the establishment of the microbiota during the early years of life, examining factors such as gestational age at birth, type of delivery, antibiotic intake, and genetic and environmental influences. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research, this article aims to enhance our understanding of the microbiota’s foundational development and its long-term implications for health and disease management.
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(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)
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Novel Proteome Targets Marking Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Syndrome
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Moritz V. Warmbrunn, Harsh Bahrar, Nicolien C. de Clercq, Annefleur M. Koopen, Pieter F. de Groot, Joost Rutten, Leo A. B. Joosten, Ruud S. Kootte, Kristien E. C. Bouter, Kasper W. ter Horst, Annick V. Hartstra, Mireille J. Serlie, Maarten R. Soeters, Daniel H. van Raalte, Mark Davids, Evgeni Levin, Hilde Herrema, Niels P. Riksen, Mihai G. Netea, Albert K. Groen and Max Nieuwdorpadd
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Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1822; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121822 (registering DOI) - 10 Jun 2024
Abstract
Context/Objective: In order to better understand which metabolic differences are related to insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), we used hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic (HE) clamps in individuals with MetSyn and related peripheral insulin resistance to circulating biomarkers. Design/Methods: In this cross-sectional study, HE-clamps were performed
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Context/Objective: In order to better understand which metabolic differences are related to insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), we used hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic (HE) clamps in individuals with MetSyn and related peripheral insulin resistance to circulating biomarkers. Design/Methods: In this cross-sectional study, HE-clamps were performed in treatment-naive men (n = 97) with MetSyn. Subjects were defined as insulin-resistant based on the rate of disappearance (Rd). Machine learning models and conventional statistics were used to identify biomarkers of insulin resistance. Findings were replicated in a cohort with n = 282 obese men and women with (n = 156) and without (n = 126) MetSyn. In addition to this, the relation between biomarkers and adipose tissue was assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Peripheral insulin resistance is marked by changes in proteins related to inflammatory processes such as IL-1 and TNF-receptor and superfamily members. These proteins can distinguish between insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive individuals (AUC = 0.72 ± 0.10) with MetSyn. These proteins were also associated with IFG, liver fat (rho 0.36, p = 1.79 × 10−9) and visceral adipose tissue (rho = 0.35, p = 6.80 × 10−9). Interestingly, these proteins had the strongest association in the MetSyn subgroup compared to individuals without MetSyn. Conclusions: MetSyn associated with insulin resistance is characterized by protein changes related to body fat content, insulin signaling and pro-inflammatory processes. These findings provide novel targets for intervention studies and should be the focus of future in vitro and in vivo studies.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Gut Microbiota-Immune System Interplay in Chronic Diseases)
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The Metabolic and Endocrine Effects of a 12-Week Allulose-Rich Diet
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Kevin B. Cayabyab, Marley J. Shin, Micah S. Heimuli, Iris J. Kim, Dominic P. D’Agostino, Richard J. Johnson, Andrew P. Koutnik, Nick Bellissimo, David M. Diamond, Nicholas G. Norwitz, Juan A. Arroyo, Paul R. Reynolds and Benjamin T. Bikman
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1821; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121821 (registering DOI) - 10 Jun 2024
Abstract
The global rise in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity necessitates innovative dietary interventions. This study investigates the effects of allulose, a rare sugar shown to reduce blood glucose, in a rat model of diet-induced obesity and T2D. Over 12 weeks, we hypothesized
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The global rise in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity necessitates innovative dietary interventions. This study investigates the effects of allulose, a rare sugar shown to reduce blood glucose, in a rat model of diet-induced obesity and T2D. Over 12 weeks, we hypothesized that allulose supplementation would improve body weight, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control. Our results showed that allulose mitigated the adverse effects of high-fat, high-sugar diets, including reduced body weight gain and improved insulin resistance. The allulose group exhibited lower food consumption and increased levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), enhancing glucose regulation and appetite control. Additionally, allulose prevented liver triglyceride accumulation and promoted mitochondrial uncoupling in adipose tissue. These findings suggest that allulose supplementation can improve metabolic health markers, making it a promising dietary component for managing obesity and T2D. Further research is needed to explore the long-term benefits and mechanisms of allulose in metabolic disease prevention and management. This study supports the potential of allulose as a safe and effective intervention for improving metabolic health in the context of dietary excess.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes: Diet and Health Conditions)
Open AccessArticle
Phyto-Photodynamic Therapy of Prostate Cancer Cells Mediated by Yemenite ‘Etrog’ Leave Extracts
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Efrat Hochma, Paul Ben Ishai, Michael A. Firer and Refael Minnes
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1820; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121820 (registering DOI) - 10 Jun 2024
Abstract
Cancer therapy, from malignant tumor inhibition to cellular eradication treatment, remains a challenge, especially regarding reduced side effects and low energy consumption during treatment. Hence, phytochemicals as cytotoxic sensitizers or photosensitizers deserve special attention. The dark and photo-response of Yemenite ‘Etrog’ leaf extracts
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Cancer therapy, from malignant tumor inhibition to cellular eradication treatment, remains a challenge, especially regarding reduced side effects and low energy consumption during treatment. Hence, phytochemicals as cytotoxic sensitizers or photosensitizers deserve special attention. The dark and photo-response of Yemenite ‘Etrog’ leaf extracts applied to prostate PC3 cancer cells is reported here. An XTT cell viability assay along with light microscope observations revealed pronounced cytotoxic activity of the extract for long exposure times of 72 h upon concentrations of 175 μg/mL and 87.5 μg/mL, while phototoxic effect was obtained even at low concentration of 10.93 μg/mL and a short introduction period of 1.5 h. For the longest time incubation of 72 h and for the highest extract concentration of 175 μg/mL, relative cell survival decreased by up to 60% (below the IC50). In combined phyto-photodynamic therapy, a reduction of 63% compared to unirradiated controls was obtained. The concentration of extract in cells versus the accumulation time was inversely related to fluorescence emission intensity readings. Extracellular ROS production was also shown. Based on an ATR-FTIR analysis of the powdered leaves and their liquid ethanolic extract, biochemical fingerprints of both polar and non-polar phyto-constituents were identified, thereby suggesting their implementation as phyto-medicine and phyto-photomedicine.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Ingredients in Plants Related to Human Health)
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Open AccessArticle
Marginal Zinc Deficiency Promotes Pancreatic Islet Enlargement While Zinc Supplementation Improves the Pancreatic Insulin Response in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats
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Leslie Rech, Peter Zahradka and Carla G. Taylor
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121819 (registering DOI) - 10 Jun 2024
Abstract
Zinc deficiency has been associated with the worsening of diabetes while zinc supplementation has been proposed to ameliorate diabetes. This study examined the effects of marginal zinc deficiency (MZD) and zinc supplementation (ZS) on obesity, glycemic control, pancreatic islets, hepatic steatosis and renal
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Zinc deficiency has been associated with the worsening of diabetes while zinc supplementation has been proposed to ameliorate diabetes. This study examined the effects of marginal zinc deficiency (MZD) and zinc supplementation (ZS) on obesity, glycemic control, pancreatic islets, hepatic steatosis and renal function of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Male ZDF rats were fed an MZD, zinc control (ZC) or ZS diet (4, 30 and 300 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively), and lean Zucker rats were fed a ZC diet for 8 weeks. MZD and ZS did not alter body weight or whole-body composition in ZDF rats. MZD ZDF rats had reduced zinc concentrations in the femur and pancreas, a greater number of enlarged pancreatic islets and a diminished response to an oral glucose load based on a 1.8-fold greater incremental area-under-the-curve (AUC) for glucose compared to ZC ZDF. ZS ZDF rats had elevated serum, femur and pancreatic zinc concentrations, unchanged pancreatic parameters and a 50% reduction in the AUC for insulin compared to ZC ZDF rats, suggesting greater insulin sensitivity. Dietary zinc intake did not alter hepatic steatosis, creatinine clearance, or levels of proteins that contribute to insulin signaling, inflammation or zinc transport in epididymal fat. Potential adverse effects of ZS were suggested by reduced hepatic copper concentrations and elevated serum urea compared to ZC ZDF rats. In summary, ZS improved the pancreatic insulin response but not the glucose handling. In contrast, reduced zinc status in ZDF rats led to impaired glucose tolerance and a compensatory increase in the number and size of pancreatic islets which could lead to β-cell exhaustion.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Diabetes)
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Specific Foods Associated with Depressive Symptoms among Young Adults and Their Bioactive Effects
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Junghyun Park and Hae-Jeung Lee
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1818; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121818 (registering DOI) - 10 Jun 2024
Abstract
Depression represents a widespread and devastating psychiatric public health challenge globally. It is particularly prevalent among young adults in Korea. Certain foods may have medicinal properties that alleviate depressive symptoms. This study aimed to examine the association between specific foods and depressive symptoms
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Depression represents a widespread and devastating psychiatric public health challenge globally. It is particularly prevalent among young adults in Korea. Certain foods may have medicinal properties that alleviate depressive symptoms. This study aimed to examine the association between specific foods and depressive symptoms among young adults, exploring their bioactive effects and possible mechanisms. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 1000 Korean young adults aged 18–39 years. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess diets and their associations with depressive symptoms. Results from multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated associations between several specific foods and their effects: milk (odds ratio = 0.58, 95% confidence interval: 0.36–0.94), eggs (0.55, 0.35–0.87), bananas (0.58, 0.36–0.94), oranges (0.62, 0.40–0.96), sweet potatoes (0.60, 0.37–0.97), mushrooms (0.53, 0.31–0.92, females only), and kimchi (0.40, 0.17–0.95, males only). Furthermore, molecular docking indicated that hesperidin had the highest docking score of 5.86 in oranges. Several bioactive compounds identified as potentially beneficial in combatting depression include calcium, casein, alpha-lactalbumin, tryptophan (TRP), vitamin B6 and B12, magnesium, flavonoids (especially hesperidin), carotenoids, ergothioneine, fiber, and probiotics. To recommend these foods in the management of depression among young adults, further clinical intervention studies are necessary.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Link between Eating Habits, Lifestyle, Physical Exercise and Depression and Other Mental Disorders)
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The Anti-Obesogenic Effects of Muscadine Grapes through Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Receptor (Cntfr) and Histamine Receptor H1 (Hrh1) Genes in 3T3-L1 Differentiated Mouse Cells
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Samia S. Messeha, Meenakshi Agarwal, Sherif G. Gendy, Sheikh B. Mehboob and Karam F. A. Soliman
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1817; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121817 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are prevalent metabolic diseases that have significant links to several chronic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Muscadine grape extracts have shown the potential to reduce adiposity and improve insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Thus, this
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Obesity and type 2 diabetes are prevalent metabolic diseases that have significant links to several chronic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Muscadine grape extracts have shown the potential to reduce adiposity and improve insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Thus, this study was designed to determine the potential of muscadine grape berries extract (Pineapple and Southern Home) for its antiobesity properties in 3T3-L1 cells as a model for obesity research. The current study’s data indicated the total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydraziyl (DPPH) activity were higher in cultivar (CV) Southern Home, meanwhile, elevated the total flavonoid content (TFC) in Pineapple. Both extracts were safe across the tested range (0–5 mg/mL). A noticeable reduction in lipid accumulation was also found in extract-treated cells. In preadipocytes and adipocytes, the tested extracts showed significant alterations in various genes involved in glucose homeostasis and obesity. The most remarkable findings of the current study are the upregulation of two genes, Cntfr (+712.715-fold) and Hrh1 (+270.11-fold) in CV Pineapple extract-treated adipocytes 3T3-L1 and the high fold increase in Ramp3 induced by both Pineapple and Southern Home in pre-adipose cells. Furthermore, the tested extracts showed a potential to alter the mRNA of various genes, including Zfp91, B2m, Nr3c1, Insr, Atrn, Il6ra, Hsp90ab1, Sort1, and Npy1r. In conclusion, the data generated from the current study suggested that the two extracts under investigation are considered potential candidates for controlling insulin levels and managing obesity.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Discovery of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Organisms and Their Molecular Mechanisms against Diseases)
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Modeling of Intracellular Taurine Levels Associated with Ovarian Cancer Reveals Activation of p53, ERK, mTOR and DNA-Damage-Sensing-Dependent Cell Protection
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Daniel Centeno, Sadaf Farsinejad, Elena Kochetkova, Tatiana Volpari, Aleksandra Gladych-Macioszek, Agnieszka Klupczynska-Gabryszak, Teagan Polotaye, Michael Greenberg, Douglas Kung, Emily Hyde, Sarah Alshehri, Tonja Pavlovic, William Sullivan, Szymon Plewa, Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Frederick J. Monsma, Jr., Patricia A. J. Muller, Jan Matysiak, Mikołaj Piotr Zaborowski, Analisa DiFeo, Erik Norberg, Laura A. Martin and Marcin Iwanickiadd
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Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1816; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121816 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
Taurine, a non-proteogenic amino acid and commonly used nutritional supplement, can protect various tissues from degeneration associated with the action of the DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. Whether and how taurine protects human ovarian cancer (OC) cells from DNA damage caused by cisplatin is
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Taurine, a non-proteogenic amino acid and commonly used nutritional supplement, can protect various tissues from degeneration associated with the action of the DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. Whether and how taurine protects human ovarian cancer (OC) cells from DNA damage caused by cisplatin is not well understood. We found that OC ascites-derived cells contained significantly more intracellular taurine than cell culture-modeled OC. In culture, elevation of intracellular taurine concentration to OC ascites-cell-associated levels suppressed proliferation of various OC cell lines and patient-derived organoids, reduced glycolysis, and induced cell protection from cisplatin. Taurine cell protection was associated with decreased DNA damage in response to cisplatin. A combination of RNA sequencing, reverse-phase protein arrays, live-cell microscopy, flow cytometry, and biochemical validation experiments provided evidence for taurine-mediated induction of mutant or wild-type p53 binding to DNA, activation of p53 effectors involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle (p21), and glycolysis (TIGAR). Paradoxically, taurine’s suppression of cell proliferation was associated with activation of pro-mitogenic signal transduction including ERK, mTOR, and increased mRNA expression of major DNA damage-sensing molecules such as DNAPK, ATM and ATR. While inhibition of ERK or p53 did not interfere with taurine’s ability to protect cells from cisplatin, suppression of mTOR with Torin2, a clinically relevant inhibitor that also targets DNAPK and ATM/ATR, broke taurine’s cell protection. Our studies implicate that elevation of intracellular taurine could suppress cell growth and metabolism, and activate cell protective mechanisms involving mTOR and DNA damage-sensing signal transducti.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Cancer: From Prevention to After-Care)
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Prevention of Male Late-Onset Hypogonadism by Natural Polyphenolic Antioxidants
by
Luc J. Martin and Mohamed Touaibia
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121815 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
Androgen production primarily occurs in Leydig cells located in the interstitial compartment of the testis. In aging males, testosterone is crucial for maintaining muscle mass and strength, bone density, sexual function, metabolic health, energy levels, cognitive function, as well as overall well-being. As
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Androgen production primarily occurs in Leydig cells located in the interstitial compartment of the testis. In aging males, testosterone is crucial for maintaining muscle mass and strength, bone density, sexual function, metabolic health, energy levels, cognitive function, as well as overall well-being. As men age, testosterone production by Leydig cells of the testes begins to decline at a rate of approximately 1% per year starting from their 30s. This review highlights recent findings concerning the use of natural polyphenolics compounds, such as flavonoids, resveratrol, and phenolic acids, to enhance testosterone production, thereby preventing age-related degenerative conditions associated with testosterone insufficiency. Interestingly, most of the natural polyphenolic antioxidants having beneficial effects on testosterone production tend to enhance the expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star) gene in Leydig cells. The STAR protein facilitates the entry of the steroid precursor cholesterol inside mitochondria, a rate-limiting step for androgen biosynthesis. Natural polyphenolic compounds can also improve the activities of steroidogenic enzymes, hypothalamus-pituitary gland axis signaling, and testosterone bioavailability. Thus, many polyphenolic compounds such as luteolin, quercetin, resveratrol, ferulic acid phenethyl ester or gigantol may be promising in delaying the initiation of late-onset hypogonadism accompanying aging in males.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Benefits of Natural Products for Disease Treatments)
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Associations between Celiac Disease, Extra-Gastrointestinal Manifestations, and Gluten-Free Diet: A Narrative Overview
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Antonella Santonicola, Herbert Wieser, Carolina Gizzi, Carlo Soldaini and Carolina Ciacci
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1814; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121814 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
Millions of children and adults worldwide suffer from undiagnosed and untreated celiac disease (CeD). The clinical picture of CeD is highly heterogeneous and comprises manifestations that can affect almost the whole body. This narrative overview is aimed at characterizing diseases and complaints that
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Millions of children and adults worldwide suffer from undiagnosed and untreated celiac disease (CeD). The clinical picture of CeD is highly heterogeneous and comprises manifestations that can affect almost the whole body. This narrative overview is aimed at characterizing diseases and complaints that are associated with unrecognized CeD and that frequently involve sites other than the gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract, i.e., dental, otorhinolaryngological, and ocular complications; skin and hair abnormalities; afflictions of the bones, joints, and muscles; cardiovascular affectations; kidney diseases; neuro-psychiatric disorders; and gynecological–obstetrical manifestations. The association between CeD and extra-GI manifestations is frequently overlooked, which leads to a delay in diagnosis. Most CeD-mediated disorders can be treated with a strict gluten-free diet (GFD), but some of them are irreversible unless CeD is diagnosed in time. Some manifestations can be classified as risk factors for CeD, and CeD screening tests for affected patients should be selectively considered. Apart from gastroenterologists, specialists in other medical disciplines can play an important role in identifying people with unrecognized CeD and may help prevent its progress and long-term complications. Further comprehensive investigations are necessary to clarify the pathogenesis of extra-GI manifestations and the effect of a GFD.
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(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
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Acute and Repeated Ashwagandha Supplementation Improves Markers of Cognitive Function and Mood
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Megan Leonard, Broderick Dickerson, Landry Estes, Drew E. Gonzalez, Victoria Jenkins, Sarah Johnson, Dante Xing, Choongsung Yoo, Joungbo Ko, Martin Purpura, Ralf Jäger, Mark Faries, Wesley Kephart, Ryan Sowinski, Christopher J. Rasmussen and Richard B. Kreider
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1813; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121813 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background: Ashwagandha has been reported to reduce stress and attenuate cognitive decline associated with inflammation and neurodegeneration in clinical populations. However, the effects as a potential nootropic nutrient in younger populations are unclear. This study examined the effects of liposomal ashwagandha supplementation on
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Background: Ashwagandha has been reported to reduce stress and attenuate cognitive decline associated with inflammation and neurodegeneration in clinical populations. However, the effects as a potential nootropic nutrient in younger populations are unclear. This study examined the effects of liposomal ashwagandha supplementation on cognitive function, mood, and markers of health and safety in healthy young men and women. Methods: 59 men and women (22.7 ± 7 yrs., 74.9 ± 16 kg, 26.2 ± 5 BMI) fasted for 12 h, donated a fasting blood sample, and were administered the COMPASS cognitive function test battery (Word Recall, Word recognition, Choice Reaction Time Task, Picture Recognition, Digit Vigilance Task, Corsi Block test, Stroop test) and profile of mood states (POMS). In a randomized and double-blind manner, participants were administered 225 mg of a placebo (Gum Arabic) or ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root and leaf extract coated with a liposomal covering. After 60-min, participants repeated cognitive assessments. Participants continued supplementation (225 mg/d) for 30 days and then returned to the lab to repeat the experiment. Data were analyzed using a general linear model (GLM) univariate analysis with repeated measures and pairwise comparisons of mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Ashwagandha supplementation improved acute and/or 30-day measures of Word Recall (correct and recalled attempts), Choice Reaction Time (targets identified), Picture Recognition (“yes” correct responses, correct and overall reaction time), Digit Vigilance (correct reaction time), Stroop Color-Word (congruent words identified, reaction time), and POMS (tension and fatigue) from baseline more consistently with several differences observed between groups. Conclusion: Results support contentions that ashwagandha supplementation (225 mg) may improve some measures of memory, attention, vigilance, attention, and executive function while decreasing perceptions of tension and fatigue in younger healthy individuals. Retrospectively registered clinical trial ISRCTN58680760.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutrients on Neurological Disorders)
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The Benefits and Challenges of Providing School Meals during the First Year of California’s Universal School Meal Policy as Reported by School Foodservice Professionals
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Monica D. Zuercher, Dania Orta-Aleman, Juliana F. W. Cohen, Christina A. Hecht, Kenneth Hecht, Michele Polacsek, Anisha I. Patel, Lorrene D. Ritchie and Wendi Gosliner
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1812; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121812 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
States in the U.S. are newly implementing universal school meal (USM) policies, yet little is known about the facilitators of their success and the challenges they confront. This study evaluated the challenges and facilitators faced by school food authorities (SFAs) implementing California’s universal
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States in the U.S. are newly implementing universal school meal (USM) policies, yet little is known about the facilitators of their success and the challenges they confront. This study evaluated the challenges and facilitators faced by school food authorities (SFAs) implementing California’s universal school meal (USM) policy during its inaugural year (2022–2023) using an online survey. In March 2023, 430 SFAs reported many benefits, including increased meal participation (64.2% of SFAs) and revenues (65.7%), reduced meal debt (41.8%) and stigma (30.9%), and improved meal quality (44.3%) and staff salaries (36.9%). Reported challenges include product/ingredient availability (80.9%), staffing shortages (77.0%), vendor/distributor logistics issues (75.9%), and administrative burden (74.9%). Top facilitators included state funding (78.2%) and increased federal reimbursement (77.2%). SFAs with fewer students eligible for free or reduced-price meals (as opposed to SFAs with more) reported greater increases in meal participation and reductions in stigma but also more administrative burdens. Larger SFAs reported greater increases in revenues, staff salaries, and improvements in meal quality than smaller SFAs but also more challenges. Overall, California’s USM policy has enhanced student access to healthy meals while mitigating social and financial barriers. Understanding California’s experience can inform other jurisdictions considering or implementing similar policies.
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(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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Effect of Modulator Therapies on Nutritional Risk Index in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: A Prospective Cohort Study
by
Nadir Yalçın, Esen Deniz Akman, Oğuz Karcıoğlu, Karel Allegaert, Kutay Demirkan, Ebru Damadoğlu and Ali Fuat Kalyoncu
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1811; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121811 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background: Modulator therapies improve weight and body mass index (BMI) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We aimed to compare the nutritional risk index (NRI) in adult CF patients receiving modulator (MT) or only non-modulator (conventional) therapies (non-MT). Methods: A single-center prospective
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Background: Modulator therapies improve weight and body mass index (BMI) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We aimed to compare the nutritional risk index (NRI) in adult CF patients receiving modulator (MT) or only non-modulator (conventional) therapies (non-MT). Methods: A single-center prospective cohort study was conducted between June and December 2023. The NRI based on weight gain and albumin was calculated at beginning and end of a 12-week period in both groups. This design was pragmatic, since it was based on individual patient access to MT for 12 weeks. Results: In total, 107 patients were included [mean (SD) age: 23.85 (4.98) years, 54.7% male, 46.7% MT]. In the MT group, mean (SD) weight (kg) and albumin (g/dL) increased significantly [changes: +3.09 (2.74) and +0.17 (0.37); p < 0.001]. In the non-MT group, weight and albumin decreased significantly [changes: −0.99 (1.73) and −0.12 (0.30); p < 0.001]. Compared to the MT group, baseline mean (SD) NRI in the non-MT group was significantly higher [100.65 (11.80) vs. 104.10 (10.10); p = 0.044]. At the end of the 12 weeks, mean (SD) NRI in the MT group was higher than in the non-MT group [104.18 (10.40) vs. 102.58 (12.39); p = 0.145]. In the MT group, the NRI category improved in 22 (44%), and worsened in 3 (6%) patients (p < 0.001). In the non-MT group, the NRI category improved in 2 (3.5%), and worsened in 10 (17.5%) patients (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This is the first study reporting on a positive effect of MT on NRIs, based on weight gain and albumin. Personalized nutrition and routine follow-up of adults with CF based on NRI is recommended prior to MT initiation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
Open AccessArticle
Reproducibility of Air Displacement Plethysmography in Term and Preterm Infants—A Study to Enhance Body Composition Analysis in Clinical Routine
by
Lennart Lücke, Christoph Fusch, Katja Knab, Stefan Schäfer, Jasper L. Zimmermann, Ursula Felderhoff-Müser, Anastasia Meis, Stephanie Lohmüller-Weiß, Adel Szakacs-Fusch and Niels Rochow
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1810; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121810 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
The quality-initiative analysis of weekly duplicate PEAPOD® body composition measurements was conducted from clinical practice (January to September 2021) on preterm and term infants without respiratory support. Statistical analysis, including regression analysis, Bland–Altman plots and cv-root-mean-square tests, was performed. A total of
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The quality-initiative analysis of weekly duplicate PEAPOD® body composition measurements was conducted from clinical practice (January to September 2021) on preterm and term infants without respiratory support. Statistical analysis, including regression analysis, Bland–Altman plots and cv-root-mean-square tests, was performed. A total of 188 duplicate (376 individual) measurements were collected from 119 infants (88 preterm, 31 term). The median absolute difference between duplicates was 31.5 g for fat-free mass (FFM). Linear correlation analysis showed R2 = 0.97 for FFM. The absolute differences in FFM and fat mass did not significantly correlate with increasing age. The %FFM differed (p = 0.02) across body weight groups of 1 kg < BW ≤ 2 kg (1.8%; IQR: 0.8, 3.6) and BW > 3 kg (0.9%; IQR: 0.3, 2.1). The median absolute differences were 1 g (IQR: 0.4, 3.1) for body weight and 5.6 mL (IQR: 2.1, 11.8) for body volume. Body volume estimation is charged with a constant absolute error, which is the main factor for differences between repeated body composition assessments. This error becomes more prominent in infants with lower body weights. Nevertheless, reproducibility of weekly PEAPOD testing is sufficient to monitor body compartment changes, offering a foundation for nutritional decisions in both preterm and term infants.
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(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)
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Open AccessArticle
Predictive Roles of Basal Metabolic Rate and Muscle Mass in Lung Function among Patients with Obese Asthma: A Prospective Cohort Study
by
Xin Zhang, Li Zhang, Ying Liu, Lei Liu, Ji Wang, Changyong Wang, Shuwen Zhang, Gaiping Cheng and Lei Wang
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1809; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121809 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background: The metabolic-status-related mechanisms underlying the deterioration of the lung function in obese asthma have not been completely elucidated. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in patients with obese asthma, its association with the lung function, and its
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Background: The metabolic-status-related mechanisms underlying the deterioration of the lung function in obese asthma have not been completely elucidated. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in patients with obese asthma, its association with the lung function, and its mediating role in the impact of obesity on the lung function. Methods: A 12-month prospective cohort study (n = 598) was conducted in a real-world setting, comparing clinical, body composition, BMR, and lung function data between patients with obese (n = 282) and non-obese (n = 316) asthma. Path model mediation analyses for the BMR and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were conducted. We also explored the effects of the BMR on the long-term lung function in patients with asthma. Results: Patients with obese asthma exhibited greater airway obstruction, with lower FEV1 (1.99 vs. 2.29 L), FVC (3.02 vs. 3.33 L), and FEV1/FVC (65.5 vs. 68.2%) values compared to patients with non-obese asthma. The patients with obese asthma also had higher BMRs (1284.27 vs. 1210.08 kcal/d) and SMM (23.53 vs. 22.10 kg). Both the BMR and SMM mediated the relationship between obesity and the lung function spirometers (FEV1, %FEV1, FVC, %FVC, and FEV1/FVC). A higher BMR or SMM was associated with better long-term lung function. Conclusions: Our study highlights the significance of the BMR and SMM in mediating the relationship between obesity and spirometry in patients with asthma, and in determining the long-term lung function. Interventions for obese asthma should focus not only on reducing adiposity but also on maintaining a high BMR.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Articles on Nutrition and Obesity Management (2nd Edition))
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Open AccessArticle
Vertical Transfer of Maternal Gut Microbes to Offspring of Western Diet-Fed Dams Drives Reduced Levels of Tryptophan Metabolites and Postnatal Innate Immune Response
by
Kameron Y. Sugino, Rachel C. Janssen, Rachel H. McMahan, Chelsea Zimmerman, Jacob E. Friedman and Karen R. Jonscher
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1808; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121808 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Maternal obesity and/or Western diet (WD) is associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in offspring, driven, in part, by the dysregulation of the early life microbiome. Here, using a mouse model of WD-induced maternal obesity, we demonstrate
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Maternal obesity and/or Western diet (WD) is associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in offspring, driven, in part, by the dysregulation of the early life microbiome. Here, using a mouse model of WD-induced maternal obesity, we demonstrate that exposure to a disordered microbiome from WD-fed dams suppressed circulating levels of endogenous ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR; indole, indole-3-acetate) and TMAO (a product of AHR-mediated transcription), as well as hepatic expression of Il10 (an AHR target), in offspring at 3 weeks of age. This signature was recapitulated by fecal microbial transfer from WD-fed pregnant dams to chow-fed germ-free (GF) lactating dams following parturition and was associated with a reduced abundance of Lactobacillus in GF offspring. Further, the expression of Il10 was downregulated in liver myeloid cells and in LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) in adult offspring, suggestive of a hypo-responsive, or tolerant, innate immune response. BMDMs from adult mice lacking AHR in macrophages exhibited a similar tolerogenic response, including diminished expression of Il10. Overall, our study shows that exposure to maternal WD alters microbial metabolites in the offspring that affect AHR signaling, potentially contributing to innate immune hypo-responsiveness and progression of MASLD, highlighting the impact of early life gut dysbiosis on offspring metabolism. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between maternal diet, gut microbial function, and the development of neonatal innate immune tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Immunity in Early Childhood)
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Open AccessCommunication
Dietary Phosphorus Levels Influence Protein-Derived Uremic Toxin Production in Nephrectomized Male Rats
by
Dennis P. Cladis, Kendal M. Burstad, Annabel Biruete, Amber H. Jannasch, Bruce R. Cooper and Kathleen M. Hill Gallant
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1807; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121807 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins (UT) accumulate in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dietary phosphorus and protein restriction are common in CKD treatment, but the relationship between dietary phosphorus, a key nutrient for the gut microbiota, and protein-derived UT is poorly studied. Thus,
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Gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins (UT) accumulate in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dietary phosphorus and protein restriction are common in CKD treatment, but the relationship between dietary phosphorus, a key nutrient for the gut microbiota, and protein-derived UT is poorly studied. Thus, we explored the relationship between dietary phosphorus and serum UT in CKD rats. For this exploratory study, we used serum samples from a larger study on the effects of dietary phosphorus on intestinal phosphorus absorption in nephrectomized (Nx, n = 22) or sham-operated (sham, n = 18) male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were randomized to diet treatment groups of low or high phosphorus (0.1% or 1.2% w/w, respectively) for 1 week, with serum trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), indoxyl sulfate (IS), and p-cresol sulfate (pCS) analyzed by LC-MS. Nx rats had significantly higher levels of serum TMAO, IS, and pCS compared to sham rats (all p < 0.0001). IS showed a significant interaction between diet and CKD status, where serum IS was higher with the high-phosphorus diet in both Nx and sham rats, but to a greater extent in the Nx rats. Serum TMAO (p = 0.24) and pCS (p = 0.34) were not affected by dietary phosphorus levels. High dietary phosphorus intake for 1 week results in higher serum IS in both Nx and sham rats. The results of this exploratory study indicate that reducing dietary phosphorus intake in CKD may have beneficial effects on UT accumulation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)
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Open AccessArticle
Validation of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Ultrasound Imaging System for Quantifying Muscle Architecture Parameters of the Rectus Femoris in Disease-Related Malnutrition (DRM)
by
Sergio García-Herreros, Juan Jose López Gómez, Angela Cebria, Olatz Izaola, Pablo Salvador Coloma, Sara Nozal, Jesús Cano, David Primo, Eduardo Jorge Godoy and Daniel de Luis
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1806; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121806 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim was to validate an AI-based system compared to the classic method of reading ultrasound images of the rectus femur (RF) muscle in a real cohort of patients with disease-related malnutrition. (2) Methods: One hundred adult patients with DRM aged
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(1) Background: The aim was to validate an AI-based system compared to the classic method of reading ultrasound images of the rectus femur (RF) muscle in a real cohort of patients with disease-related malnutrition. (2) Methods: One hundred adult patients with DRM aged 18 to 85 years were enrolled. The risk of DRM was assessed by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM). The variation, reproducibility, and reliability of measurements for the RF subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), muscle thickness (MT), and cross-sectional area (CSA), were measured conventionally with the incorporated tools of a portable ultrasound imaging device (method A) and compared with the automated quantification of the ultrasound imaging system (method B). (3) Results: Measurements obtained using method A (i.e., conventionally) and method B (i.e., raw images analyzed by AI), showed similar values with no significant differences in absolute values and coefficients of variation, 58.39–57.68% for SFT, 30.50–28.36% for MT, and 36.50–36.91% for CSA, respectively. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for reliability and consistency analysis between methods A and B showed correlations of 0.912 and 95% CI [0.872–0.940] for SFT, 0.960 and 95% CI [0.941–0.973] for MT, and 0.995 and 95% CI [0.993–0.997] for CSA; the Bland–Altman Analysis shows that the spread of points is quite uniform around the bias lines with no evidence of strong bias for any variable. (4) Conclusions: The study demonstrated the consistency and reliability of this new automatic system based on machine learning and AI for the quantification of ultrasound imaging of the muscle architecture parameters of the rectus femoris muscle compared with the conventional method of measurement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphofunctional Nutritional Assessment in Clinical Practice)
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Open AccessArticle
The Lipidomic Profile Is Associated with the Dietary Pattern in Subjects with and without Diabetes Mellitus from a Mediterranean Area
by
Marina Idalia Rojo-López, Maria Barranco-Altirriba, Joana Rossell, Maria Antentas, Esmeralda Castelblanco, Oscar Yanes, Ralf J. M. Weber, Gavin R. Lloyd, Catherine Winder, Warwick B. Dunn, Josep Julve, Minerva Granado-Casas and Dídac Mauricio
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1805; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121805 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Lipid functions can be influenced by genetics, age, disease states, and lifestyle factors, particularly dietary patterns, which are crucial in diabetes management. Lipidomics is an expanding field involving the comprehensive exploration of lipids from biological samples. In this cross-sectional study, 396 participants from
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Lipid functions can be influenced by genetics, age, disease states, and lifestyle factors, particularly dietary patterns, which are crucial in diabetes management. Lipidomics is an expanding field involving the comprehensive exploration of lipids from biological samples. In this cross-sectional study, 396 participants from a Mediterranean region, including individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and non-diabetic individuals, underwent lipidomic profiling and dietary assessment. Participants completed validated food frequency questionnaires, and lipid analysis was conducted using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS). Multiple linear regression models were used to determine the association between lipid features and dietary patterns. Across all subjects, acylcarnitines (AcCa) and triglycerides (TG) displayed negative associations with the alternate Healthy Eating Index (aHEI), indicating a link between lipidomic profiles and dietary habits. Various lipid species (LS) showed positive and negative associations with dietary carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Notably, in the interaction analysis between diabetes and the aHEI, we found some lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) that showed a similar direction with respect to aHEI in non-diabetic individuals and T2D subjects, while an opposite direction was observed in T1D subjects. The study highlights the significant association between lipidomic profiles and dietary habits in people with and without diabetes, particularly emphasizing the role of healthy dietary choices, as reflected by the aHEI, in modulating lipid concentrations. These findings underscore the importance of dietary interventions to improve metabolic health outcomes, especially in the context of diabetes management.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Diseases)
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Open AccessArticle
Low-Iron Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Development Is Microbiota Dependent and Exacerbated by Loss of the Mitochondrial Iron Importer Mitoferrin2
by
Kendra A. Klag, Rickesha Bell, Xuan Jia, Alexandra Seguin, J. Alan Maschek, Mary Bronner, James E. Cox, June L. Round and Diane M. Ward
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1804; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121804 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the number one nutritional problem worldwide. Iron uptake is regulated at the intestine and is highly influenced by the gut microbiome. Blood from the intestines drains directly into the liver, informing iron status and gut microbiota status. Changes in either
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Iron deficiency is the number one nutritional problem worldwide. Iron uptake is regulated at the intestine and is highly influenced by the gut microbiome. Blood from the intestines drains directly into the liver, informing iron status and gut microbiota status. Changes in either iron or the microbiome are tightly correlated with the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the development of MASLD that connect altered iron metabolism and gut microbiota, we compared specific pathogen free (SPF) or germ-free (GF) mice, fed a normal or low-iron diet. SPF mice on a low-iron diet showed reduced serum triglycerides and MASLD. In contrast, GF low-iron diet-fed mice showed increased serum triglycerides and did not develop hepatic steatosis. SPF mice showed significant changes in liver lipid metabolism and increased insulin resistance that was dependent upon the presence of the gut microbiota. We report that total body loss of mitochondrial iron importer Mitoferrin2 (Mfrn2−/−) exacerbated the development of MASLD on a low-iron diet with significant lipid metabolism alterations. Our study demonstrates a clear contribution of the gut microbiome, dietary iron, and Mfrn2 in the development of MASLD and metabolic syndrome.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Pathophysiology of Iron Metabolism—2nd Edition)
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